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CALL TO ACTION
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2010 -11 Autism - A Year In Review The CMSNE Social Initiatives allow us to learn and grow and become more informed about diseases we would not have had the opportunity to understand. CMNSE also brings awareness and assistance to others, by sharing the knowledge gleaned. In that way, we continue to do the work of a case manager by supporting our goals and mission to promote growth and the value of case management. CMNSE supports the evolving needs of our profession and we share our values through continual education. Over the last year, we have had the benefit of learning about Autism and an advocacy group, Autism Speaks. This year, the "Autism Speaks" group shared the goal of changing the future for all who struggle with Autism. Autism Speaks celebrated is fifth year anniversary on February 25, 2010. This group is the largest advocacy group in the nation since merging with two other groups. They are committed to an unprecedented 30 million in new research funding to uncover the cause, prevention, treatments and cure for Autism. Their goals are lofty and the tools shared to assist parents of children with Autism are many. The 100 Day Kit for newly diagnosed families helps many through the difficult process following a diagnosis of Autism. There are many other accomplishments, which were outlined this year in our newsletter. We learned that receiving a diagnosis of Autism can be compared to a kind of death. Coping with the diagnosis is devastating, but because of the support of other families and professionals, the pain and anguish is eased. Knowing Autism Speaks is available and willing to guide parents through the process makes it so much easier. At our Annual conference the Social Initiative presentation will occur Thursday September 29 from 5 PM to 6 PM. Bryan Mahoney who has worked with us throughout the year providing educational materials to our members will be onsite to continue this education. Bryan will provide an overview of the organization Autism Speaks and highlight the many contributions of this organziation to the field of Autism. Our keynote speaker Dr. Matthew Seigel from Spring Harbor Hospital in Portland Maine, will present following this overview. Dr. Seigel is an expert in the field of Autism and his presentation will address the Pharmacological managment for the child with ASD and latest clinical treatments for Autistism. The presentation will identify the challenges of managing mental health issues in ASD and the case management services required to treat this population. We hope that throughout the year and in this final educational seminar members will reap the benefit from the experts who have provided the latest research and treatments for Autism. Please take advantage of this wonderful opportunity. Respectfully submitted by Cathy Lodico, Rhonda Loveitt and Jenny Quigley-Stickney Autism is a complex neurobiological disorder that typically lasts throughout a person's lifetime. It is part of a group of disorders known as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Today, 1 in 110 individuals is diagnosed with autism, making it more common than pediatric cancer, diabetes, and AIDS combined. It occurs in all racial, ethnic, and social groups and is four times more likely to strike boys than girls. Autism impairs a person's ability to communicate and relate to others. It is also associated with rigid routines and repetitive behaviors, such as obsessively arranging objects or following very specific routines. Symptoms can range from very mild to quite severe. About Autism Speaks At Autism Speaks, our goal is to change the future for all who struggle with autism spectrum disorders. We are dedicated to funding global biomedical research into the causes, prevention, treatments, and cure for autism; to raising public awareness about autism and its effects on individuals, families, and society; and to bringing hope to all who deal with the hardships of this disorder. We are committed to raising the funds necessary to support these goals. Autism Speaks aims to bring the autism community together as one strong voice to urge the government and private sector to listen to our concerns and take action to address this urgent global health crisis. It is our firm belief that, working together, we will find the missing pieces of the puzzle. Autism Speaks is celebrating its fifth-year anniversary on February 25, 2010. Autism Speaks completed its merger with Cure Autism Now, a family-founded, autism advocacy group based in Los Angeles. In 2006 Autism Speaks merged with the National Alliance for Autism Research. Autism Speaks is now the nation's largest autism advocacy organization. Recently, Autism Speaks accomplished the following and more: * Autism Speaks committed an unprecedented $30 million in new research funding to uncover the cause(s), prevention, treatments and cure for autism, making it the nation's top private funder of autism research.  Autism Speaks New England Chapter 990 Washington, St., Suite 102 Dedham, MA 02026 Toll Free: 888-627-6227 Direct: 781-461-8833 |
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It's not easy to hear the news that your child has autism, and realize that your life will be utterly different than you had expected it to be. Daily life with a special-needs child presents many unique challenges. How do you come to terms with the fact that your child has autism? How do you cope once you get over the initial shock? No matter how well-prepared you thought you were after months spent worrying about your child's development, and seemingly endless visits with specialists, hearing that your child has autism is usually devastating. Many parents and psychologists describe the diagnosis as a kind of "death." As Sharon Rosenbloom writes in Souls: Beneath and Beyond Autism, "With the diagnosis of autism, the dream dies." While of course your child is very much alive, the feeling of loss is nonetheless very real for most parents and families. In many ways, the diagnosis of autism represents the death of both your idealized child and your life as you imagined it would be, full of soccer games and school plays, ballet classes and sleepovers. The diagnosis leaves you facing something entirely new and unknown, and it can feel very scary indeed. You will most likely experience a wide range of emotions. These may range from shock, anger, and resentment, to fear, worry, and profound sadness. Some parents may feel guilt, while others may actually feel some relief at finally having a diagnosis. One minute you may feel like screaming, and the next minute all you want to do is cry. Each person displays his or her own range and intensity of emotions. Still, you may go through something similar to that of others who suffer a great loss: This can be a very challenging time. The main thing to remember is that all of these emotions you're feeling are normal. Be patient with yourself. It can be a long time before you are able to feel a sense of acceptance about your child's disability. But most parents who have been through this already will assure you that eventually that time does come Caring for Yourself Give yourself time to heal. You may need to take time off from work while you are grieving. Let yourself cry, scream, or anything else that helps you release your emotions. Reprinted from Autism Speaks 1/6/11 |
Asperger syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder that is characterized by: 1 limited interests or an unusual preoccupation with a particular subject to the exclusion of other activities
- repetitive routines or rituals
- peculiarities in speech and language, such as speaking in an overly formal manner or in a monotone, or taking figures of speech literally
- socially and emotionally inappropriate behavior and the inability to interact successfully with peers
- problems with non-verbal communication, including the restricted use of gestures, limited or inappropriate facial expressions, or a peculiar, stiff gaze
- clumsy and uncoordinated motor movements
AS is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), one of a distinct group of neurological conditions characterized by a greater or lesser degree of impairment in language and communication skills, as well as repetitive or restrictive patterns of thought and behavior. Other ASDs include: classic autism, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (usually referred to as PDD-NOS).
Parents usually sense there is something unusual about a child with AS by the time of his or her third birthday, and some children may exhibit symptoms as early as infancy. Unlike children with autism, children with AS retain their early language skills. Motor development delays – crawling or walking late, clumsiness – are sometimes the first indicator of the disorder.
The incidence of AS is not well established, but experts in population studies conservatively estimate that two out of every 10,000 children have the disorder. Boys are three to four times more likely than girls to have AS.
Studies of children with AS suggest that their problems with socialization and communication continue into adulthood. Some of these children develop additional psychiatric symptoms and disorders in adolescence and adulthood.
Although diagnosed mainly in children, AS is being increasingly diagnosed in adults who seek medical help for mental health conditions such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). No studies have yet been conducted to determine the incidence of AS in adult populations.
Why is it called Asperger syndrome?
In 1944, an Austrian pediatrician named Hans Asperger observed four children in his practice who had difficulty integrating socially. Although their intelligence appeared normal, the children lacked nonverbal communication skills, failed to demonstrate empathy with their peers, and were physically clumsy. Their way of speaking was either disjointed or overly formal, and their all-absorbing interest in a single topic dominated their conversations. Dr. Asperger called the condition “autistic psychopathy” and described it as a personality disorder primarily marked by social isolation.
Asperger’s observations, published in German, were not widely known until 1981, when an English doctor named Lorna Wing published a series of case studies of children showing similar symptoms, which she called “Asperger’s” syndrome. Wing’s writings were widely published and popularized. AS became a distinct disease and diagnosis in 1992, when it was included in the tenth published edition of the World Health Organization’s diagnostic manual, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), and in 1994 it was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic reference book.
What are some common signs or symptoms?
The most distinguishing symptom of AS is a child’s obsessive interest in a single object or topic to the exclusion of any other. Some children with AS have become experts on vacuum cleaners, makes and models of cars, even objects as odd as deep fat fryers. Children with AS want to know everything about their topic of interest and their conversations with others will be about little else. Their expertise, high level of vocabulary, and formal speech patterns make them seem like little professors.
Children with AS will gather enormous amounts of factual information about their favorite subject and will talk incessantly about it, but the conversation may seem like a random collection of facts or statistics, with no point or conclusion.
Their speech may be marked by a lack of rhythm, an odd inflection, or a monotone pitch. Children with AS often lack the ability to modulate the volume of their voice to match their surroundings. For example, they will have to be reminded to talk softly every time they enter a library or a movie theatre.
Unlike the severe withdrawal from the rest of the world that is characteristic of autism, children with AS are isolated because of their poor social skills and narrow interests. In fact, they may approach other people, but make normal conversation impossible by inappropriate or eccentric behavior, or by wanting only to talk about their singular interest.
Children with AS usually have a history of developmental delays in motor skills such as pedaling a bike, catching a ball, or climbing outdoor play equipment. They are often awkward and poorly coordinated with a walk that can appear either stilted or bouncy.
Many children with AS are highly active in early childhood, and then develop anxiety or depression in young adulthood. Other conditions that often co-exist with AS are ADHD, tic disorders (such as Tourette syndrome), depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD.
What causes AS? Is it genetic?
Current research points to brain abnormalities as the cause of AS. Using advanced brain imaging techniques, scientists have revealed structural and functional differences in specific regions of the brains of normal versus AS children. These defects are most likely caused by the abnormal migration of embryonic cells during fetal development that affects brain structure and “wiring” and then goes on to affect the neural circuits that control thought and behavior.
For example, one study found a reduction of brain activity in the frontal lobe of AS children when they were asked to respond to tasks that required them to use their judgment. Another study found differences in activity when children were asked to respond to facial expressions. A different study investigating brain function in adults with AS revealed abnormal levels of specific proteins that correlate with obsessive and repetitive behaviors.
Scientists have always known that there had to be a genetic component to AS and the other ASDs because of their tendency to run in families. Additional evidence for the link between inherited genetic mutations and AS was observed in the higher incidence of family members who have behavioral symptoms similar to AS but in a more limited form. For example, they had slight difficulties with social interaction, language, or reading.
A specific gene for AS, however, has never been identified. Instead, the most recent research indicates that there are most likely a common group of genes whose variations or deletions make an individual vulnerable to developing AS. This combination of genetic variations or deletions will determine the severity and symptoms for each individual with AS. How is it diagnosed?
The diagnosis of AS is complicated by the lack of a standardized diagnostic screen or schedule. In fact, because there are several screening instruments in current use, each with different criteria, the same child could receive different diagnoses, depending on the screening tool the doctor uses.
To further complicate the issue, some doctors believe that AS is not a separate and distinct disorder. Instead, they call it high-functioning autism (HFA), and view it as being on the mild end of the ASD spectrum with symptoms that differ -- only in degree -- from classic autism. Some clinicians use the two diagnoses, AS or HFA, interchangeably. This makes gathering data about the incidence of AS difficult, since some children will be diagnosed with HFA instead of AS, and vice versa.
Most doctors rely on the presence of a core group of behaviors to alert them to the possibility of a diagnosis of AS. These are:
- abnormal eye contact
- aloofness
- the failure to turn when called by name
- the failure to use gestures to point or show
- a lack of interactive play
- a lack of interest in peers
Some of these behaviors may be apparent in the first few months of a child’s life, or they may appear later. Problems in at least one of the areas of communication and socialization or repetitive, restricted behavior must be present before the age of 3.
The diagnosis of AS is a two-stage process. The first stage begins with developmental screening during a “well-child” check-up with a family doctor or pediatrician. The second stage is a comprehensive team evaluation to either rule in or rule out AS. This team generally includes a psychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, speech therapist, and additional professionals who have expertise in diagnosing children with AS.
The comprehensive evaluation includes neurologic and genetic assessment, with in-depth cognitive and language testing to establish IQ and evaluate psychomotor function, verbal and non-verbal strengths and weaknesses, style of learning, and independent living skills. An assessment of communication strengths and weaknesses includes evaluating non-verbal forms of communication (gaze and gestures); the use of non-literal language (metaphor, irony, absurdities, and humor); patterns of inflection, stress and volume modulation; pragmatics (turn-taking and sensitivity to verbal cues); and the content, clarity, and coherence of conversation. The physician will look at the testing results and combine them with the child’s developmental history and current symptoms to make a diagnosis.
Are there treatments available?
The ideal treatment for AS coordinates therapies that address the three core symptoms of the disorder: poor communication skills, obsessive or repetitive routines, and physical clumsiness. There is no single best treatment package for all children with AS, but most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention, the better.
An effective treatment program builds on the child’s interests, offers a predictable schedule, teaches tasks as a series of simple steps, actively engages the child’s attention in highly structured activities, and provides regular reinforcement of behavior. This kind of program generally includes:
- social skills training, a form of group therapy that teaches children with AS the skills they need to interact more successfully with other children
- cognitive behavioral therapy, a type of “talk” therapy that can help the more explosive or anxious children to manage their emotions better and cut back on obsessive interests and repetitive routines
- medication, for co-existing conditions such as depression and anxiety
- occupational or physical therapy, for children with sensory integration problems or poor motor coordination
- specialized speech/language therapy, to help children who have trouble with the pragmatics of speech – the give and take of normal conversation
- parent training and support, to teach parents behavioral techniques to use at home
Do children with AS get better? What happens when they become adults?
With effective treatment, children with AS can learn to cope with their disabilities, but they may still find social situations and personal relationships challenging. Many adults with AS are able to work successfully in mainstream jobs, although they may continue to need encouragement and moral support to maintain an independent life.
What research is being done?
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is one of the federal government’s leading supporters of biomedical research on brain and nervous system disorders. The NINDS conducts research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland , and awards grants to support research at universities and other facilities. Many of the Institutes at the NIH, including the NINDS, are sponsoring research to understand what causes AS and how it can be effectively treated.
One study is using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show how abnormalities in particular areas of the brain cause changes in brain function that result in the symptoms of AS and other ASDs.
Another large-scale study is comparing neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments of children with possible diagnoses of AS or HFA to those of their parents and siblings to see if there are patterns of symptoms that link AS and HFA to specific neuropsychological profiles.
NINDS is also supporting a long-range international study that brings together investigators to collect and analyze DNA samples from children with AS and HFA, as well as their families, to identify associated genes and how they interact. Called the Autism Genome Project, it’s a consortium of scientists from universities, academic centers, and institutions around the world that functions as a repository for genetic data so that researchers can look for the genetic “building blocks” of AS and the other ASDs.
Since there are so many different forms of ASD, understanding the genetic basis of each opens the door to opportunities for more precise diagnosis and treatment. Knowing the genetic profile of a particular disorder could mean early identification of those at risk, and early intervention when treatments and therapies are likely to be the most successful.
1Adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV and the International Classification of Diseases - 10
Where can I get more information?
For more information on neurological disorders or research programs funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, contact the Institute's Brain Resources and Information Network (BRAIN) at:
BRAIN
P.O. Box 5801
Bethesda, MD 20824
(800) 352-9424
http://www.ninds.nih.gov
Information also is available from the following organizations:
MAAP Services for Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and PDD P.O. Box 524 Crown Point, IN 46308 info@aspergersyndrome.org http://www.aspergersyndrome.org/ Tel: 219-662-1311 Fax: 219-662-1315 |
Autism Network International (ANI) |
Autism Society of America |
Autism Research Institute (ARI) |
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Information Clearinghouse |
"Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet," NINDS. Publication date January 2005.
NIH Publication No. 05-5624
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